2nd Year GNM Nursing KARNATAKA CHILD HEALTH NURSING FEBRUARY 2025
KARNATAKA
STATE DIPLOMA IN NURSING EXAMINATION BOARD
GNM
THEORY EXAMINATION – FEBRUARY 2025
2nd
YEAR – PAPER IV – CHILD HEALTH NURSING
I. Give the meaning of the following
Answer :
|
Term |
Meaning (Short GNM Nursing Format) |
|
1.
Leukemia |
Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming tissues in
which there is abnormal and excessive production of immature white blood
cells. |
|
2.
Dyslexia |
Dyslexia is a learning disorder in which the child has difficulty in
reading, writing, and spelling despite normal intelligence. |
|
3.
Hypernatremia |
Hypernatremia means abnormally high sodium level in
the blood (serum sodium >145 mEq/L). |
|
4.
Gavage Feeding |
Gavage feeding means giving liquid food directly into the stomach
through a tube (nasogastric/orogastric), used when the patient cannot swallow
food normally. |
II. Fill in the blanks
Answer :
5. Posterior
fontanel closes at 6–8 weeks
6. Fluid
replacement is important in case of dehydration
7. Otitis
media is infection of middle ear
8. Hypospadias
is an abnormal urethral opening on ventral surface of penis
III. Write short notes for any FOUR of the following
Answer :
9. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
·
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cyanotic
heart disease.
·
It consists of four defects:
1. Ventricular
septal defect (VSD)
2. Pulmonary
stenosis
3. Over-riding
aorta
4. Right
ventricular hypertrophy
·
Child shows cyanosis, squatting position,
clubbing, dyspnea.
·
Management: corrective surgery (Blalock–Taussig
shunt / total repair), oxygen, maintain hydration.
10. Worm infestation
·
Occurs due to intestinal parasitic worms like
roundworm, hookworm, tapeworm.
·
Spread mainly by contaminated food, water, soil
and poor sanitation.
·
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss,
anemia, itching (anal itching esp. pinworm).
·
Prevention & control: personal hygiene,
proper washing of food, wearing footwear, deworming (Albendazole) every 6
months under national program.
11. Rheumatic Fever
·
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease
following untreated Group-A β hemolytic streptococcal throat infection.
·
It affects heart, joints, brain and skin.
·
Major features: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea,
erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules.
·
Management: antibiotics (Penicillin),
anti-inflammatory drugs, bed rest, prophylaxis to prevent recurrence.
12. Mid-Day Meal Programme
·
A government nutrition program for school
children in India.
·
Objective: improve nutritional status, reduce
malnutrition and increase school attendance.
·
Provides cooked meal containing calories,
proteins, iron, folic acid & other micronutrients.
·
Helps in reducing classroom hunger, improves
learning ability and promotes social equity.
13. Importance of play in children
·
Play is essential for growth and development of
children.
·
It promotes physical development – muscles,
coordination, strength.
·
Enhances mental development – imagination,
creativity, problem solving.
·
Social benefits – cooperation, sharing,
communication, teamwork.
·
Emotional benefits – reduces stress, expresses
feelings, builds confidence.
IV. Answer the following
Answer :
14. List the factors influencing growth and development
(3 marks)
Factors influencing growth and development:
·
Heredity / genetics
·
Nutrition
·
Hormones
·
Environment / socio-economic status
·
Culture / family background
·
Diseases and illness
·
Emotional factors / stimulation
·
Physical activity & exercise
15. Explain the principles of growth and development (4
marks)
Principles:
·
Growth and development are continuous
processes from conception to death.
·
They follow cephalocaudal pattern
– head to toe.
·
They follow proximodistal pattern
– centre to periphery.
·
Each child has an individual rate
of growth.
·
Different tissues and organs grow at different
rates.
·
Development proceeds from general to
specific responses.
·
Early development influences later development
(sequence is predictable).
16. Define hydrocephalus (2 marks)
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is abnormal accumulation of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, leading to
enlargement of the head.
17. Causes and signs & symptoms of hydrocephalus (4
marks)
Causes:
·
Congenital malformations (aqueductal stenosis,
neural tube defects)
·
Infections (meningitis)
·
Brain tumors
·
Intraventricular hemorrhage (especially in
preterm infants)
Signs & symptoms:
·
Enlarged head size / bulging fontanels
·
Sun-set eyes (downward gaze)
·
Irritability and poor feeding
·
Vomiting / headache (older child)
·
Developmental delay
·
Separated cranial sutures
18. Management of child with hydrocephalus (4 marks)
·
Maintain head position and monitor head
circumference regularly.
·
Prevent infection and maintain aseptic
precautions.
·
Medical: diuretics (Acetazolamide, Furosemide)
to decrease CSF production.
·
Surgical: VP shunt
(Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt) operation is treatment of choice to
drain excess CSF.
·
Monitor neurological status, feeding, weight and
developmental milestones.
·
Educate parents on shunt care, infection signs
and follow-up importance.
V. State the following statement is True / False
Answer :
19. Stenosis
is an abnormal widening of a passage in the body – False
(Stenosis = abnormal narrowing, not widening)
20. Beri
beri is a disease caused by vitamin B1 deficiency – True
21. Dwarfism
is an abnormal short stature – True
22. ICDS
programme is started in year 1950 – False
(ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services was started in 1975
in India)
VI. Write short notes for any FOUR of the following
Answer :
23. Malabsorption Syndrome
·
It is a condition where the intestine fails to
absorb nutrients properly from food.
·
Causes – celiac disease, chronic diarrhea,
pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal infections, short bowel.
·
Symptoms – weight loss, diarrhea, fatty stools
(steatorrhea), anemia, weakness, malnutrition.
·
Management – treat cause, high-protein diet,
vitamin & mineral supplements, avoid gluten in celiac disease, ORS for
fluid loss.
24. Characteristics of Preterm Babies & Term Babies
Preterm baby (<37 weeks):
·
Low birth weight (<2.5 kg)
·
Thin skin, less subcutaneous fat
·
Poor muscle tone, weak reflexes
·
Underdeveloped organs (lungs immature)
·
High risk of hypothermia & infection
Term baby (37–42 weeks):
·
Weight 2.5–4 kg
·
Good fat, normal tone & reflexes
·
Well developed skin & organs
·
Better sucking & feeding
25. Concept of Preventive Pediatrics
·
Preventive pediatrics deals with prevention of
diseases in children and promotion of health from birth to adolescence.
·
Focus — immunization, nutrition, growth
monitoring, health checkups.
·
Includes — antenatal care, newborn care, IMNCI,
school health programme.
·
Aim — reduce morbidity, mortality & promote
normal growth and development.
26. Prevention of Hypothermia in Newborn
·
Immediate drying of baby after birth.
·
Skin-to-skin contact / kangaroo mother care.
·
Use warm room, radiant warmer or incubator.
·
Avoid bathing immediately (delay bath for 24
hours).
·
Cover head with cap, wrap baby well.
·
Monitor temperature frequently.
27. Management of Dehydration
·
Assess degree of dehydration (mild / moderate /
severe).
·
Give ORS solution orally –
small frequent sips.
·
Continue breastfeeding / feeding.
·
In severe dehydration → IV fluids (Ringer
Lactate / Normal Saline).
·
Treat underlying cause (diarrhea, vomiting,
fever).
·
Monitor urine output, weight & vital signs.
VII. Answer the following
Answer :
28. Define glomerulonephritis and its causes (4 marks)
Definition:
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys which
results in decreased filtration, leading to hematuria, edema and hypertension.
Causes:
·
Post-streptococcal infection (most common) –
throat/skin infection by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
·
Autoimmune disorders (SLE)
·
Bacterial / viral infections
·
IgA nephropathy
·
Drug reactions
29. Management of child with glomerulonephritis (4
marks)
·
Bed rest during acute phase
·
Restrict salt and fluid intake to control edema
& hypertension
·
Protein restriction if blood urea is high
·
Monitor intake & output, weight, BP daily
·
Medications: antibiotics (penicillin),
antihypertensives, diuretics
·
Monitor urine for hematuria and albumin
·
Educate parents – follow up, avoid re-infection,
maintain hygiene
30. Bronchial Asthma – definition, causes, medical and
nursing management (6 marks)
Definition:
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, cough and
chest tightness due to airway hyper-reactivity and bronchospasm.
Causes:
·
Allergens – dust, pollen, smoke, animal dander
·
Respiratory infections
·
Cold air
·
Exercise
·
Family history / hereditary factors
·
Environmental pollution
Medical Management:
·
Bronchodilators – Salbutamol / Terbutaline
inhalation
·
Steroids – inhaled or systemic to reduce
inflammation
·
Mucolytics and antihistamines (if allergic)
·
Oxygen therapy in severe attack
·
Nebulization during acute episodes
·
Avoid known allergens (dust, smoke, perfume,
cold air)
Nursing Management:
·
Maintain airway – position child in
high-Fowler’s
·
Monitor breath sounds, respiratory rate, SPO₂
·
Administer nebulization & medications as
ordered
·
Encourage slow deep breathing exercises
·
Provide humidified air
·
Educate parents: avoid triggers, maintain clean
environment, proper use of inhaler / spacer
·
Record fluid intake, maintain hydration
·
Reassure child and reduce anxiety during attack
