1st Year GNM KARNATAKA Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology FEBRUARY 2025
KARNATAKA
STATE DIPLOMA IN NURSING EXAMINATION BOARD
GNM
THEORY EXAMINATION – FEBRUARY 2025
1st
YEAR - BIO-SCIENCE - PAPER – I
(Anatomy,
Physiology and Microbiology)
I. Give the meaning of the following
Answer :
1) Immunity
Ability
of the body to resist and defend itself against disease-producing
microorganisms and harmful foreign substances.
2) Osmosis
Movement
of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high
solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
3) Abduction
Movement
of a body part away from the midline of the body.
(e.g. lifting the arm sideways away from body)
4) Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated
or abnormal immune response of the body to an antigen, which results in tissue
damage or allergic reaction.
II. Fill in the blanks
Answer :
5. Meninges
is covering membrane of the brain.
6. Insulin
is secreted by Beta (β) cells of pancreas.
7. Nephron
is the functional unit of the kidney.
8. Endometrium
is the innermost layer of the uterus.
III. Write short notes for any FOUR of the following
Answer :
9) Classification
of Bacteria
Bacteria
are classified on the basis of:
• Shape
(morphology)
– Cocci → spherical
– Bacilli → rod shaped
– Vibrios → comma shaped
– Spirilla → spiral shaped
• Gram
Staining
– Gram Positive bacteria
– Gram Negative bacteria
• Oxygen
Requirement
– Aerobic (require oxygen)
– Anaerobic (grow without oxygen)
•
Motility
– Motile (with flagella)
– Non-motile
10) Structure of
Liver
- Largest gland in the body.
- Located in right upper
abdomen below diaphragm.
- Has two main lobes: Right
and Left.
- Functional unit → Liver
lobule.
- Lobule contains hepatocytes
arranged around a central vein.
- Contains portal triad:
branch of hepatic artery, portal vein & bile duct.
- Covered by a fibrous capsule
called Glisson’s capsule.
11) Structure of
Lungs
- Pair of spongy, elastic
organs in thoracic cavity.
- Right lung = 3 lobes; Left
lung = 2 lobes (due to heart).
- Surrounded by pleural
membrane: parietal & visceral pleura.
- Inside lungs: bronchi → bronchioles
→ alveoli.
- Alveoli are thin-walled air
sacs where gas exchange occurs.
12) Structure of
Ovary
- Ovaries are paired female
reproductive glands.
- Located in pelvic cavity on
both sides of uterus.
- Outer layer → Cortex
(contains ovarian follicles).
- Inner layer → Medulla
(contains blood vessels & nerves).
- Forms Graafian follicle,
ovum, and corpus luteum.
- Produces hormones: estrogen
& progesterone.
13) Ball and Socket
Joint
- A type of synovial joint.
- Rounded head of one bone
fits into cup-shaped socket of another bone.
- Allows movement in all
directions including rotation.
- Examples: Shoulder joint
(humerus + scapula), Hip joint (femur + acetabulum).
IV. Answer the following
Answer :
14) List the organs
of Nervous System (3 marks)
Main
organs of nervous system are:
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
- Sense organs (Eye, Ear,
Nose, Tongue, Skin)
15) Structure of
Brain (with neat labelled diagram) (4 marks)
- Brain lies inside the cranial
cavity.
- Protected by skull
and meninges (Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater).
- It is divided into 3
major parts:
1)
Cerebrum
Largest part, divided into right & left hemispheres.
Controls intelligence, memory, emotions & voluntary movements.
2)
Cerebellum
Located below cerebrum at back.
Controls balance, posture & coordination.
3)
Brainstem
(Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)
Controls vital functions like heartbeat, respiration & BP.
Simple
labelled diagram style to draw in exam:
16) List the bones
of Axial Skeletal System (3 marks)
Axial
skeleton includes bones along the central axis of body:
- Skull bones
- Hyoid bone
- Vertebral column (33
vertebrae)
- Sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs (Rib cage)
17) Structure of
Sternum (5 marks)
- Sternum is a long flat bone
present in anterior midline of chest.
- It forms the front part of
thoracic cage.
- It protects heart &
mediastinum.
Parts of
Sternum:
- Manubrium – upper portion
- Body / Gladiolus – middle long portion
- Xiphoid process – lower cartilaginous part
(ossifies in adulthood)
Attachments:
- Manubrium articulates with clavicles
& 1st rib.
- Body articulates with costal
cartilages of 2nd to 7th ribs.
V. State the following statement is True / False
Answer :
- Stapes is the smallest bone
of our body – True
- Tetanus is caused by
Clostridium tetani – True
- Vagus nerve is the ninth
cranial nerve – False
(Vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve) - Sources of infection within
the body are called exogenous – False
(Within the body = endogenous)
VI. Write short notes for any THREE of the following
Answer :
22) Functions of
Kidney
- Kidneys filter blood and
form urine.
- Maintain water &
electrolyte balance.
- Regulate acid–base balance
of body.
- Excrete waste products like
urea, uric acid & creatinine.
- Produce hormones: Erythropoietin
(RBC formation) & Renin (BP control).
- Help in regulation of blood
pressure.
23) Physiology of
Hearing
- Sound waves enter external
ear → eardrum vibrates.
- Vibrations pass through ear
ossicles (malleus → incus → stapes).
- Stapes pushes oval window →
sound waves enter cochlea.
- Fluid movement in cochlea
stimulates organ of Corti.
- Hair cells convert
vibrations into nerve impulses.
- Impulses travel through auditory
nerve to brain (temporal lobe) for interpretation of sound.
24) Metabolism of
Proteins
- Proteins are broken down
into amino acids during digestion.
- Amino acids are absorbed
into blood and taken to liver.
- In liver they undergo transamination
& deamination.
- Ammonia formed is converted
into urea (urea cycle) and excreted by kidneys.
- Amino acids are used for:
body growth, repair of tissues, enzymes, hormones & energy if
required.
25) Scope of Microbiology
in Nursing
- Helps nurses to understand
microorganisms and diseases.
- Helps in prevention of
hospital-acquired infections.
- Guides proper sterilization
& disinfection techniques.
- Helps in infection control
practices (hand washing, PPE, isolation).
- Helps in safe handling of
specimens for lab tests.
- Improves quality of nursing
care and patient safety.
26) Sources of
Infection
- Human beings (infected persons &
carriers)
- Animals (zoonotic infections)
- Water (contaminated water)
- Food (spoiled food)
- Air / droplets
- Soil (spore forming organisms)
- Fomites ( contaminated objects like
clothes, instruments)
VII. Answer the following
Answer :
27) List the
Endocrine Glands (3 marks)
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas (Islets of
Langerhans)
- Gonads → Testes / Ovaries
- Thymus
28) Hormones
Secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland (5 marks)
The
anterior pituitary secretes the following important hormones:
|
Hormone |
Full Form |
Function (short) |
|
GH |
Growth
Hormone |
Body
growth, metabolism |
|
TSH |
Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone |
Stimulates
thyroid hormone secretion |
|
ACTH |
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone |
Stimulates
adrenal cortex |
|
FSH |
Follicle
Stimulating Hormone |
Gamete
formation (ovum / sperm) |
|
LH |
Luteinizing
Hormone |
Ovulation
/ testosterone secretion |
|
PRL |
Prolactin |
Milk
secretion in breast |
29) Neat Diagram of
Cell (for exam) (4 marks)
How to
draw simple cell diagram (label these parts):
Labels to
write:
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(This is
acceptable for 4 marks — simple & clean.)
30) Stages of Cell
Division (4 marks)
Cell
division occurs mainly by mitosis.
Stages of
Mitosis:
- Prophase – Chromosomes appear,
nuclear membrane disappears.
- Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in
center of cell.
- Anaphase – Sister chromatids
separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase – Nuclear membrane reforms
around each set of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm divides → forms
two daughter cells.
