1st Year G.N.M. Nursing ODISHA NURSES Bioscience 2025

ODISHA NURSES & MIDWIVES EXAMINATION BOARD

FIRST YEAR ANNUAL EXAMINATION IN GNM-2025

(Bioscience)

Duration: 3 Hours

Max.Marks:75

Answer all questions.

Figures in the right-hand margin indicate marks

I. Solve answer question

a. Draw a labelled diagram of cell.

[4]

b. Write the function of various cell organelles and the cell membrane

[6]

c. Describe the cell cycle.

[5]

a Define respiration.

[3]

b. Draw a labelled diagram of the Lungs.

[4]

c. Explain the mechanism of respiration in detail.

[8]

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a Cell

Diagram (Description for drawing):

Draw a neat, round/oval animal cell and label the following parts:

Labels:

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth & Rough)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Centrioles

(b) Functions of Various Cell Organelles and Cell Membrane

Organelle / Part	Function
Cell Membrane	It is a semi-permeable membrane that controls the entry and exit of substances. Provides protection and gives shape to the cell.
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like fluid where all cell organelles are suspended; site for many metabolic reactions.
Nucleus	Controls all activities of the cell. Contains genetic material (DNA) responsible for heredity.
Mitochondria	Known as the “powerhouse of the cell”. It produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes	Site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	Rough ER transports proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids.
Golgi Apparatus	Modifies, stores, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Lysosomes	Contain digestive enzymes; help in digestion of worn-out cell parts or foreign materials.
Centrioles	Help in formation of spindle fibers during cell division (mitosis).
Plastids (in plants)	Chloroplasts help in photosynthesis.

(c) Describe the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the sequence of events that occur in a cell from one division to the next.

It helps in growth, repair, and replacement of old or damaged cells.

Phases of Cell Cycle:

Interphase (Resting or Preparation Phase)

It is the period between two cell divisions. The cell prepares itself for division.
Interphase has three sub-stages:
- G₁ Phase (Growth 1): The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
- S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs; each chromosome duplicates.
- G₂ Phase (Growth 2): The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.

Mitotic Phase (M Phase)

It is the division phase where one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
It includes:
- Prophase: Chromosomes become visible; nuclear membrane disappears.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center (equatorial plate).
- Anaphase: Chromatids move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm forms two daughter cells.

Significance of Cell Cycle:

Helps in growth of organisms.
Repairs damaged tissues.
Replaces dead or old cells.
Maintains genetic stability.

OR

(a) Define Respiration

Definition:
Respiration is the biological process by which living cells break down food molecules (especially glucose) in the presence or absence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), which is used for various cellular activities.

Chemical Equation:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)

Types of Respiration:

Aerobic respiration – occurs in presence of oxygen (produces more energy).
Anaerobic respiration – occurs in absence of oxygen (produces less energy).

(b) Draw a Labelled Diagram of the Lungs

Labels to include:

Trachea (Windpipe)
Right bronchus and Left bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Right lung (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)
Diaphragm

🫁 Description for drawing:

Draw two lungs (right larger, left smaller).
Show trachea dividing into right and left bronchi.
End each bronchus in many tiny air sacs (alveoli).
Show diaphragm below the lungs (a dome-shaped muscle).

(c) Explain the Mechanism of Respiration in Detail

Respiration involves two main stages – External (Breathing) and Internal (Cellular) respiration.

1. External Respiration (Breathing Process)

It includes inhalation and exhalation:

(i) Inhalation (Inspiration):

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
Intercostal muscles contract, raising the ribs upward and outward.
The thoracic cavity increases in volume, and lungs expand.
Air enters the lungs from the outside (oxygen-rich air).

(ii) Exhalation (Expiration):

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
Ribs move downward and inward.
The thoracic cavity decreases in volume.
Air rich in carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

Gas Exchange:

Occurs in the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood (in capillaries).
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli and is exhaled.

2. Internal (Cellular) Respiration

Oxygen from blood reaches body cells.
Glucose (from food) is broken down in the presence of oxygen.
This produces energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Equation:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

In Mitochondria:
This process takes place inside mitochondria — hence mitochondria are called the “powerhouse of the cell.”

3. Transport of Gases

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin.
Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonates and carbaminohemoglobin in blood.

4. Significance of Respiration

Provides energy for all body functions (movement, growth, repair, etc.).
Maintains oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) balance in the body.
Helps in metabolism and removal of waste gases.

Process	Description	Main Function
Inhalation	Air enters lungs	Oxygen intake
Exhalation	Air leaves lungs	Carbon dioxide removal
Gas Exchange	In alveoli	O₂ → blood, CO₂ → lungs
Cellular Respiration	In mitochondria	Energy (ATP) production

II. Solve Answer Questions

a. Define sterilisation.

[2]

b. Explain the physical methods of sterilisation.

[7]

c. Briefly describe the Bio-medical waste management.

[6]

a. Define infection.

[3]

b. Describe the various sources and modes of transmission of infection.

[7]

cDraw a labelled diagram of a microscope.

[5]

(a) Define Sterilisation

Definition:
Sterilisation is the process of destroying or removing all forms of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores, and their toxins, from any surface, instrument, or material.

Purpose:

To make an article completely free from all living organisms before use in medical and surgical procedures.

Example:
Autoclaving surgical instruments before operation.

(b) Explain the Physical Methods of Sterilisation

Physical methods use heat, radiation, or filtration to kill microorganisms.

1. Heat Sterilisation

Divided into Dry Heat and Moist Heat.

(i) Dry Heat Methods

Method	Instrument Used	Principle / Temperature	Use
Flaming	Bunsen burner flame	Direct burning destroys microbes	For inoculating loops, needles
Incineration	Incinerator	Burns waste to ash	Disposal of contaminated waste, dressings
Hot Air Oven	Oven at 160°C for 1 hour	Protein denaturation and oxidation	Glassware, metal instruments, oils, powders

(ii) Moist Heat Methods

Method	Instrument Used	Temperature / Time	Use
Boiling	Water bath	100°C for 10–15 min	Sterilising syringes, linen (not spores)
Autoclaving	Steam under pressure	121°C, 15 psi, 15–20 min	Sterilisation of surgical instruments, dressings, culture media
Pasteurisation	Pasteuriser	63°C for 30 min (Holder method) or 72°C for 15 sec (Flash method)	Milk, dairy products
Tyndallisation	Intermittent steaming	100°C for 30 min on 3 days	For media that cannot withstand autoclaving

2. Filtration

Used for heat-sensitive liquids (e.g. serum, antibiotic solutions).
Microorganisms are removed by passing through bacterial filters (like membrane filters).

3. Radiation

Type	Example	Use
Ionising Radiation	Gamma rays, X-rays	Sterilisation of disposable medical supplies (syringes, catheters, gloves)
Non-ionising Radiation	UV rays	Disinfection of air, rooms, operation theatres

✅ Summary:

Dry Heat → for glass and metal.
Moist Heat → for instruments, dressings.
Filtration → for heat-sensitive fluids.
Radiation → for plastics and air sterilisation.

(c) Briefly Describe Biomedical Waste Management

Definition:
Biomedical waste refers to any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals in hospitals, laboratories, or research centers.

1. Sources of Biomedical Waste

Hospitals, nursing homes, clinics
Laboratories, blood banks
Veterinary institutions
Research facilities

2. Types of Biomedical Waste

Infectious waste – contaminated with blood or body fluids
Pathological waste – tissues, organs, body parts
Sharps – needles, blades, scalpels
Chemical waste – disinfectants, laboratory chemicals
Pharmaceutical waste – expired medicines
General waste – paper, plastic, food waste

3. Segregation and Colour Coding (as per BMW Rules 2016, amended 2018)

Colour Container	Type of Waste	Treatment / Disposal
Yellow Bag	Human & animal anatomical waste, soiled waste, expired medicines	Incineration or deep burial
Red Bag	Contaminated recyclable waste (IV sets, tubing, catheters, gloves)	Autoclaving / Shredding
White (Translucent) Container	Sharps (needles, scalpels, blades)	Autoclaving and mutilation
Blue Container	Glassware, metallic body implants	Disinfection and recycling

4. Steps in Biomedical Waste Management

Segregation at source (using color-coded bins)
Collection and transport in leak-proof containers
Storage in a designated area
Treatment – by autoclaving, incineration, or chemical disinfection
Disposal – as per local pollution control norms
Record keeping and training of healthcare workers

5. Importance

Prevents infection and disease transmission
Protects healthcare workers and public
Promotes environmental safety
Ensures legal compliance

✅ Summary:

Sterilisation → kills all microorganisms.
Physical methods → heat, filtration, radiation.
Biomedical waste management → safe segregation, treatment, and disposal of hospital waste.

OR

(a) Define Infection

Definition:
Infection is the invasion and multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites inside the body tissues of a host, which may lead to disease.

Explanation:
When microorganisms enter the body, overcome the defense mechanisms, and multiply, it causes infection.

Examples:

Tuberculosis – caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Malaria – caused by Plasmodium species
Typhoid – caused by Salmonella typhi

(b) Describe the Various Sources and Modes of Transmission of Infection

1. Sources (Reservoirs) of Infection

Source	Examples / Description
Human beings	Carriers or infected persons (e.g., influenza, COVID-19, TB)
Animals	Zoonotic diseases (e.g., rabies, anthrax)
Soil	Contains spores of Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
Water and Food	Contaminated with pathogens (e.g., cholera, typhoid)
Fomites (objects)	Contaminated articles like utensils, towels, syringes
Air and Dust	Carry droplet nuclei or spores (e.g., tuberculosis, measles)
Insects and Vectors	Mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, etc.

2. Modes (Routes) of Transmission of Infection

(A) Direct Transmission
Occurs when the infection spreads directly from person to person.

Mode	Description	Example
Direct contact	Touching, kissing, sexual contact	Syphilis, gonorrhea
Droplet infection	Coughing, sneezing releases droplets	Influenza, COVID-19
Inoculation	Through cuts or wounds	Rabies, tetanus
Transplacental	From mother to fetus through placenta	HIV, syphilis

(B) Indirect Transmission
Infection spreads through intermediate objects or vectors.

Mode	Description	Example
Airborne	Inhalation of dust or droplet nuclei	TB, measles
Vehicle-borne	Through contaminated food, water, milk	Cholera, hepatitis A
Vector-borne	Through insects like mosquitoes or flies	Malaria, dengue, plague
Fomite-borne	Through contaminated instruments, bedding	Wound infections
Blood transfusion / Injection	Contaminated syringes, blood	Hepatitis B, HIV

✅ Prevention:

Hand hygiene and disinfection
Proper waste disposal
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
Isolation of infected patients
Immunization

(c) Draw a Labelled Diagram of a Microscope

Labels to include:

Eyepiece (ocular lens) – used for viewing
Body tube – connects eyepiece and objectives
Nosepiece – holds objective lenses
Objective lenses – for magnification (low, high, oil immersion)
Stage – platform for placing the slide
Stage clips – hold the slide in position
Mirror or light source – reflects light to illuminate the specimen
Condenser – focuses light onto specimen
Diaphragm – controls light intensity
Coarse adjustment knob – for rough focusing
Fine adjustment knob – for sharp focusing
Base – supports the microscope
Arm – used for carrying the microscope

Short Notes:

Principle: Magnifies minute objects using light and lenses.
Magnification: Product of eyepiece × objective lens (e.g., 10× × 40× = 400×).
Use: To observe microorganisms, cells, and tissues in detail.

✅ Summary Table

Part	Function
Eyepiece	Magnifies image
Objective lenses	Provide different magnifications
Stage	Holds slide
Mirror/Light source	Provides light
Coarse & Fine adjustment	Focus image clearly
Condenser & Diaphragm	Control and direct light
Base & Arm	Support and hold microscope

III. Write short notes on any three of the following

[3 x 5= 15]

a. Composition and function of blood.

b. Cardiac cycle

c. Cranial nerves

d. Synovial joint

e. Liver

(a) Composition and Function of Blood

Composition of Blood:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates through the heart and blood vessels.
Average volume: 5–6 liters in an adult.

Components:

Plasma (55%)

Straw-coloured fluid.
Contains:

Water (90–92%)
Plasma proteins (7%) – Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
Salts, hormones, nutrients, gases, and waste materials

Formed Elements (45%)

Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes): Fight infections and provide immunity.
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Help in blood clotting.

Functions of Blood:

Transport:

O₂ from lungs → tissues
CO₂ from tissues → lungs
Nutrients, hormones, enzymes to cells
Waste products to kidneys and lungs

Regulation:

Maintains body temperature, pH, and water balance.

Protection:

WBCs defend against infections.
Platelets prevent blood loss (clotting).

Homeostasis:

Maintains internal environment stability.

(b) Cardiac Cycle

Definition:

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occur in one complete heartbeat — including contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of atria and ventricles.
Duration: ~0.8 seconds (in a normal adult, 72 beats/min).

Phases of Cardiac Cycle:

Atrial Systole (0.1 sec):

Atria contract → blood pushed into ventricles.

Ventricular Systole (0.3 sec):

Ventricles contract → AV valves close (“LUB” sound).
Blood pumped to aorta and pulmonary artery.

Joint Diastole (0.4 sec):

Both atria and ventricles relax.
Semilunar valves close (“DUB” sound).
Blood flows from veins into atria → next cycle starts.

Heart Sounds:

1st sound (“LUB”) – closure of AV valves.
2nd sound (“DUB”) – closure of semilunar valves.

Significance:

Ensures continuous blood flow through the body.
Maintains oxygen and nutrient supply to tissues.

(c) Cranial Nerves

Definition:

Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that arise directly from the brain and brainstem and control sensory and motor activities of the head, neck, and some thoracic organs.

List of 12 Cranial Nerves and Functions:

No.	Name	Type	Main Function
I	Olfactory	Sensory	Smell
II	Optic	Sensory	Vision
III	Oculomotor	Motor	Eye movement
IV	Trochlear	Motor	Eye movement
V	Trigeminal	Both	Facial sensation, chewing
VI	Abducens	Motor	Eye movement
VII	Facial	Both	Taste, facial expression
VIII	Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)	Sensory	Hearing and balance
IX	Glossopharyngeal	Both	Taste, swallowing
X	Vagus	Both	Controls heart, lungs, digestion
XI	Accessory	Motor	Neck and shoulder muscles
XII	Hypoglossal	Motor	Tongue movement

Mnemonic to Remember:

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah!

(d) Synovial Joint

Definition:

A synovial joint is a freely movable joint where the bones are separated by a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Structure:

Articular cartilage – covers bone ends, smooth surface.
Joint cavity – space between bones filled with synovial fluid.
Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
Joint capsule – encloses the joint for protection.
Ligaments – strengthen and support the joint.
Muscles & tendons – help in movement.

Types of Synovial Joints:

Type	Example
Ball and socket	Shoulder, hip
Hinge	Elbow, knee
Pivot	Atlas-axis (neck)
Condyloid	Wrist
Gliding	Between carpal bones
Saddle	Thumb joint

Functions:

Allow free movement of bones.
Provide flexibility and stability.
Absorb mechanical shocks.

(e) Liver

Introduction:

The liver is the largest gland in the human body.
Located in the right upper abdomen, below the diaphragm.
Weight: ~1.5 kg.

Structure:

Divided into right and left lobes.
Made of functional units called lobules.
Supplied by hepatic artery (oxygenated blood) and portal vein (nutrient-rich blood).

Functions of the Liver:

Category	Function
Metabolic	Converts glucose ↔ glycogen; synthesizes cholesterol and proteins.
Secretory	Produces bile which helps in fat digestion.
Storage	Stores glycogen, vitamins (A, D, B12), and iron.
Detoxification	Converts harmful substances (alcohol, drugs) into harmless forms.
Excretory	Excretes bile pigments (bilirubin, biliverdin).
Protective	Destroys old RBCs and bacteria.

Clinical Importance:

Diseases: Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Jaundice.
Vital organ for metabolism and homeostasis.

IV. A. Write the responsibilities and role of a nurse in the following situations

[2 x 5 = 10]

a. An 18-year-old boy with epistaxis

b. Sterilisation of sharp instruments

c. A 70-year-old male with retention of urine

d. Providing back care to an unconscious patient

e. Fracture of upper arm

a. An 18-year-old boy with Epistaxis (Nose Bleeding)

Definition:
Epistaxis is bleeding from the nose due to rupture of small blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.

Nurse’s Responsibilities:

Reassure the patient to reduce anxiety and prevent increased blood pressure.
Position the patient sitting upright with head slightly forward — do not tilt backward.
Pinch the nostrils firmly for about 10 minutes to stop bleeding.
Apply cold compress or ice pack over the nose and forehead to constrict blood vessels.
Instruct the patient not to blow, rub, or pick the nose after bleeding stops.
If bleeding persists, inform the doctor — prepare for nasal packing or cauterization.
Monitor vital signs and check for signs of shock.
Document the episode, amount of blood loss, and nursing care given.

b. Sterilisation of Sharp Instruments

Definition:
Sterilization is the process of destroying all forms of microorganisms including spores.

Nurse’s Role and Responsibilities:

Clean sharp instruments (needles, scissors, forceps) immediately after use with running water.
Use chemical sterilization (cold method) – Immerse in 2% glutaraldehyde (Cidex) for 10 hours.
For metal instruments, use autoclaving at 121°C for 15–30 minutes if they are heat-resistant.
Dry heat sterilization – sharp instruments like scalpels may be sterilized at 160°C for 1 hour.
Avoid dulling – wrap properly to protect cutting edges.
Label and store sterilized instruments in sterile containers or trays.
Maintain sterility — handle with sterile forceps.
Keep records of sterilization cycles and expiry dates.

c. A 70-year-old Male with Retention of Urine

Definition:
Retention of urine is the inability to empty the bladder completely or partially despite being full.

Nurse’s Responsibilities:

Assess urinary symptoms – pain, distension, last void, and fluid intake.
Palpate the bladder for fullness and tenderness.
Provide privacy and comfort; encourage relaxation to promote urination.
Apply warm compress or warm sitz bath over the lower abdomen to help relaxation of muscles.
If unsuccessful, prepare for catheterization under aseptic technique.
Observe urine for color, quantity, and any abnormalities.
Monitor fluid intake and output accurately.
Report findings to the doctor and follow treatment orders.
Educate patient on bladder training and adequate hydration.

d. Providing Back Care to an Unconscious Patient

Purpose:
To maintain comfort, prevent bedsores (pressure ulcers), and improve circulation.

Nurse’s Responsibilities:

Arrange equipment – towel, basin, soap, lotion, powder, gloves, etc.
Maintain privacy and explain procedure (to relatives if patient unconscious).
Turn the patient gently to a lateral position.
Clean the back and buttocks with warm water and mild soap.
Dry thoroughly and massage gently with lotion in circular movements to improve circulation.
Inspect pressure points (shoulder blades, elbows, sacrum, heels) for redness or sores.
Change bed linen if wet or wrinkled.
Reposition the patient every 2 hours.
Maintain clean and dry skin to prevent infection.
Document procedure and observations.

e. Fracture of Upper Arm (Humerus)

Definition:
A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone due to trauma or disease.

Nurse’s Responsibilities:

Immobilize the affected arm using a sling or splint to prevent movement.
Support the arm on a pillow; avoid unnecessary handling.
Control bleeding if open wound present — apply sterile dressing.
Observe for signs of neurovascular damage (numbness, color change, pulse).
Apply ice packs to reduce swelling and pain.
Administer prescribed analgesics and antibiotics.
Assist doctor during X-ray and fracture reduction.
Teach patient to do finger and shoulder exercises to prevent stiffness.
Monitor for complications – infection, shock, compartment syndrome.
Provide emotional support and reassure the patient.

IV. B. Fill in the blanks.

[1 x 5 = 5]

a. Knee joint is an example of_____.

b. Photorecepters of eye are found in ______ laver

c. The er is supplied by the ______ cranial nerve.

d. The pancreatic enzyme which digests dietary carbohydrates is ________.

e. The inner most layer of blood vessel is _______.

Answers :

a. Knee joint is an example of hinge joint.
b. Photoreceptors of eye are found in retina layer.
c. The ear is supplied by the eighth cranial nerve (Vestibulocochlear nerve).
d. The pancreatic enzyme which digests dietary carbohydrates is amylase (pancreatic amylase).
e. The innermost layer of blood vessel is tunica intima (endothelium).

V. A. Write the responsibilities and role of a nurse in the following situations

[1 x 5 = 5]

a. CAG

b. PT

c. ICF

d. CRP

e. DNA

a. CAG (Coronary Angiography)

Definition:
CAG is a diagnostic procedure to visualize coronary arteries using a contrast dye and X-ray.