1st Year GNM KARNATAKA FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING 2025
KARNATAKA STATE DIPLOMA IN NURSING
EXAMINATION BOARD
GNM
THEORY EXAMINATION – FEBRUARY 2025
1st
YEAR PAPER – III - FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
(First
Aid and Personal Hygiene)
I. Give the meaning of the following
Answer :
1. Nursing
Nursing
means assisting an individual—sick or well—in activities that contribute to
health, recovery and a peaceful death.
(As per Virginia Henderson’s definition)
2. Euthanasia
Euthanasia
means intentional act of ending a person’s life to relieve suffering.
(Commonly called “mercy killing”)
3. Parotitis
Parotitis
means inflammation of the parotid salivary gland.
(Example: Mumps → a common viral cause)
4. Asepsis
Asepsis
means absence of disease-producing (pathogenic) microorganisms.
Aim: to prevent infection.
II. Fill in the blanks
5.
Answer :
- Pulse rate less than 60
beats/minute is called as Bradycardia
- Florence Nightingale was
born on 12 May 1820
- The presence of blood in the
urine is Haematuria
- One pint is equal to 500
ml
(In nursing calculations in India 1 pint ≈ 500 ml is accepted standard)
III. Write short notes for any FOUR of the following
Answer :
9. Ethics in Nursing
Nursing
ethics are moral principles which guide nurses in professional practice.
It helps in maintaining quality care, respect, dignity and legal safety.
Main
ethical principles
- Autonomy – patient’s right to
decide.
- Beneficence – do good.
- Non-maleficence – do no harm.
- Justice – fairness in care.
- Confidentiality – keep patient information
secret.
- Fidelity – truthfulness &
loyalty.
Importance
- Builds trust between nurse
and patient
- Protects patient rights
- Maintains standards of
profession
- Avoids legal issues
10. Nature of Infection
Infection
is invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body causing disease.
Characteristics
/ nature
- Caused by pathogens
(bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites)
- Requires source, mode of
transmission & susceptible host
- Can be local or systemic
- Has chain of infection:
Agent → reservoir → portal of exit → mode → portal of entry → host
Signs
- Fever, inflammation, pus,
redness, pain, loss of function
11. Hot Application
Hot
application means applying heat to the body for therapeutic effect.
Purposes
- Relieves pain & muscle
spasm
- Increases blood circulation
- Promotes healing
- Reduces stiffness
Methods
- Hot water bag/bottle
- Hot fomentation
- Sitz bath
- Infrared rays
Nursing
care
- Test temperature before
applying
- Protect skin with towel
- Observe for burns, redness
- Do not apply on numb areas
12. Care of Rubber Goods
Rubber
articles used in hospital: catheters, gloves, Ryle’s tube, enema can etc.
They are expensive → must be properly maintained.
Cleaning
& care
- Wash immediately after use
- Use mild soap, cold or
lukewarm water
- Dry in shade (heat can
damage rubber)
- Store by dusting with talcum
powder
- Do not fold sharply (causes
cracks)
Sterilization
- By boiling or autoclaving
(as per item type)
13. Sitz Bath
A sitz
bath is a warm water bath in which patient sits up to the hips.
Purposes
- Relieves pain &
inflammation in perineal region
- Improves circulation
- Helpful after delivery,
piles, fissure, prostate surgery
Procedure
points
- Temperature: 40–45°C (warm)
- Duration: 15–20 minutes
- Provide privacy
- Dry perineum after
completion
- Check patient for dizziness
IV. Answer the following
Answer :
14.
Define Catheterization (2 Marks)
Catheterization
is the procedure of introducing a sterile tube (catheter) into the urinary
bladder through the urethra for the purpose of draining urine or for
diagnostic/therapeutic use.
15.
Indications for Catheterization (2 Marks)
- To relieve urinary retention (unable to pass urine).
- To measure residual urine after voiding.
- To obtain a sterile urine
specimen for
laboratory test.
- To monitor urine output in critically ill or
post-operative patients.
- Before or after surgery involving bladder, urethra,
uterus, or rectum.
- During unconsciousness or
paralysis
when patient cannot void voluntarily.
- To instill medication or
irrigate the bladder.
16.
Catheterization Procedure for a Female Patient (4 Marks)
Preparation
- Purpose: To drain urine from the
bladder.
- Articles: Sterile catheterization
tray (catheter, gloves, antiseptic solution, cotton balls, lubricant,
kidney tray, drainage bag).
- Position: Dorsal recumbent position
(lying on back with knees flexed and legs apart).
- Explain procedure to patient and provide
privacy.
Steps of Procedure
- Wash hands and wear sterile gloves.
- Clean perineal area with antiseptic solution
from front to back.
- Lubricate catheter tip (usually No. 12–14 Fr for
adult female).
- Separate labia with
non-dominant hand and visualize urethral meatus.
- Gently insert catheter 5–7 cm into the urethra
until urine flows.
- Collect urine in kidney tray or attach to
drainage bag.
- If indwelling catheter,
inflate balloon with sterile water (10 ml).
- Secure catheter to thigh and ensure free
drainage.
- Record time, amount, color,
and character of
urine.
- Clean area, ensure patient comfort,
and discard waste safely.
After Care
- Observe for discomfort or
leakage.
- Maintain catheter hygiene.
- Encourage fluid intake (if
not contraindicated).
17.
Define Nursing Process (2 Marks)
The nursing
process is a systematic, scientific method of providing individualized,
goal-directed nursing care to meet the needs of patients.
It helps ensure effective, organized, and continuous care.
18.
Components of Nursing Process (6 Marks)
1. Assessment
o Systematic collection of patient
data (physical, psychological, social).
o Methods: Observation, interview,
physical examination.
2. Nursing Diagnosis
o Identification of patient’s
actual or potential health problems that can be managed by nursing actions.
o Example: Impaired skin
integrity related to immobility.
3. Planning
o Setting goals and expected
outcomes.
o Planning nursing interventions to
achieve those goals.
4. Implementation
o Carrying out the planned nursing
actions to achieve patient goals.
5. Evaluation
o Assessing the patient’s response
to nursing interventions.
o If goals not met → revise the
plan.
V. State the following statement is True / False
Answer :
- Hospital acquired infection
is also called as nosocomial infection – True
- Coughing of blood is called
as epistaxis – False
Explanation: Coughing up blood = Hemoptysis
Epistaxis = bleeding from nose. - Total cessation of breathing
is called as anoxia – False
Explanation: Total cessation of breathing = Apnoea
Anoxia = absence/lack of oxygen in tissues. - Gingivitis is the term used
for bleeding from the gums – False
Explanation: Gingivitis = inflammation of gums
Bleeding from gums may occur in gingivitis but not the meaning.
VI. Write short notes for any THREE of the following
Answer :
23. Nasogastric Tube Feeding
Nasogastric tube feeding is the administration of liquid food through a tube
inserted through the nose into the stomach.
Indications
·
Unconscious / semi-conscious patient
·
Patient unable to swallow (stroke, oral cancer)
·
Post-operative patient
·
Severe vomiting / debility
Procedure points
·
Explain procedure, place patient in
high-Fowler’s position
·
Check tube placement (aspiration / air
insufflation)
·
Give measured, warm, well-blended feed slowly by
syringe or gravity
·
Flush tube with water after feeding
·
Record intake
Advantages
·
Maintains nutrition when oral feeding not
possible
24. Care of Body After Death (Last Office)
Nursing care after death is given to maintain dignity and prepare the body
for relatives and removal.
Steps
·
Confirm death (doctor)
·
Close eyes and mouth, straighten body
·
Remove tubes (if permitted)
·
Clean body, plug orifices if required
·
Put dentures in mouth if possible
·
Tie jaw, bandage hands and feet, dress body
·
Label body (name, ward, diagnosis)
·
Hand over to mortuary / relatives as per policy
Importance
·
Shows respect to deceased & family
·
Prevents decomposition changes / leakage
25. Collection of Urine Specimen
Obtaining urine for laboratory examination to diagnose disease.
Types
·
Random sample
·
Early morning sample
·
24-hour urine collection
·
Mid-stream clean-catch specimen
Procedure general
·
Explain purpose to patient
·
Use clean sterile container
·
Collect mid-stream sample for culture
·
Label with name, date, time
·
Send to lab immediately
Uses
·
Detect infection, glucose, albumin, pregnancy
hormones, etc.
26. Barrier Nursing
Barrier nursing is a method of nursing care to prevent the spread of
infection from one patient to another.
Principle
·
Create a barrier between infected patient and
others
Practices
·
Isolation of patient
·
Use of PPE – gloves, masks, gowns
·
Hand washing before and after care
·
Use disposable articles or dedicated instruments
·
Strict waste disposal and disinfection
Purpose
·
Break the chain of infection
·
Protect patient, staff, and other patients
VII. Answer the following
Answer :
27. Define Administration of Medication (3 marks)
Administration of medication means giving drugs to a patient by
various routes (oral, topical, parenteral, etc.) as per doctor’s orders to
prevent, treat or diagnose disease.
It includes correct drug, correct dose, correct route, correct timing and
correct recording to ensure safe and effective action.
28. Role of a Nurse in Administration of Intravenous
Injection (5 marks)
Before procedure
·
Check doctor’s order
·
Verify 5 rights: right patient, right drug,
right dose, right route, right time
·
Check allergy history
·
Prepare sterile equipment
·
Explain procedure to patient & provide
privacy
·
Wash hands and wear gloves
During procedure
·
Select suitable vein (median cubital, cephalic,
basilic)
·
Clean site with antiseptic
·
Maintain strict aseptic technique
·
Inject drug slowly as prescribed
·
Observe patient for pain, swelling, or
discomfort
After procedure
·
Remove needle & apply dressing
·
Observe for reactions (allergy, phlebitis,
infiltration)
·
Document drug name, dose, time, site, and
patient response
29. Objectives of First Aid (2 marks)
·
Preserve life
·
Prevent further injury / worsening
condition
·
Promote recovery
·
Maintain comfort and reduce pain
·
Provide support until medical help arrives
Main 3 P’s:
Preserve Life – Prevent Worsening – Promote Recovery
30. First Aid for Fracture (6 marks)
Definition: A break in continuity of bone.
First Aid steps
1. Stop
bleeding if present – apply sterile dressing.
2. Do
not move the fractured part unnecessarily.
3. Immobilize
the limb using splints above and below the joints.
4. Support
part in natural position.
5. Apply
cold pack (reduces swelling and pain).
6. Do
not attempt to straighten deformity.
7. Check
pulse, movement, sensation beyond fracture site.
8. Cover
open wound with sterile dressing if compound fracture.
9. Keep
patient calm and reassure.
10. Transport
carefully to hospital for X-ray and medical treatment.
