3rd Year ODISHA GNM Midwifery and Gynaecological Nursing 2025
ODISHA NURSES & MIDWIVES EXAMINATION BOARD
THIRD YEAR ANNUAL EXAMINATION IN GNM-2025
Paper-I
(Midwifery and Gynaecological Nursing)
I. Solve answer question
OR
Answer:
a. Define infertility [3 marks]
Infertility
is defined as a disease of the male or female reproductive system characterised
by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of
regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
In practical nursing/OBG practice terms: a couple who have had frequent,
unprotected intercourse for one year without conception are considered
infertile (unless the woman is over 35-40 years in which earlier evaluation is
advised).
Infertility is classified into primary (when the couple has never conceived)
and secondary (when there has been at least one prior conception) types.
b. Enumerate the causes of
infertility [5 marks]
Here are
key causes of infertility — include both male and female / combined factors:
Female
causes:
- Ovulatory disorders — e.g.,
anovulation, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) etc.
- Tubal and peritoneal factors
— e.g., blocked/fallopian tubes (from pelvic infections, surgery,
endometriosis)
- Uterine or cervical
anatomical disorders — e.g., fibroids, congenital uterine malformations,
intra-uterine adhesions, cervical problems.
- Endocrine/hormonal disorders
— e.g., thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinaemia, hypothalamic-pituitary
disorders.
Male
causes:
5. Sperm-related factors — e.g., low sperm count, poor motility, abnormal morphology.
6. Obstruction of male reproductive tract, hormonal disorders, testicular
failure (varicocele, orchitis, genetic causes).
Other
combined/general factors:
7. Lifestyle & environmental influences — e.g., smoking, alcohol, obesity,
age, exposure to toxins, advanced maternal/paternal age.
8. Unexplained infertility — despite investigations no cause found (accounts
for 10-25% of cases).
(You may
list any five of the above; this covers more than five, so you can select the
most relevant ones.)
c. Enlist the diagnosis and describe
the management of infertility [7 marks]
Diagnosis
(investigation of infertility):
- Detailed history taking:
duration of infertility, menstrual history, obstetric/gynecologic history,
sexual/contraceptive history, past infections/surgeries, male partner
history.
- Physical examination: female
(ovaries, uterus, pelvic exam) and male (testes, genitals).
- Basic investigations:
- Semen analysis for male
partner (volume, count, motility, morphology)
- Hormonal assays (female:
FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH; male: testosterone, LH/FSH)
- Imaging/investigations for
female: pelvic ultrasound, hysterosalpingogram (HSG) for tubal patency,
laparoscopy if endometriosis suspected
- Post-coital test,
assessment of ovulation (basal body temperature, LH surge, mid-luteal
progesterone) in female.
- Specialized tests if needed:
genetic tests, testicular biopsy (in male), hysteroscopy (in female) etc.
Management
of infertility:
Management is based on cause, duration, age of the couple, and resources.
Broadly includes:
- Lifestyle and general
measures
- Encourage healthy weight,
cessation of smoking and alcohol, avoid excessive heat/exposure, maintain
good general health.
- Optimise timing and
frequency of intercourse (around ovulation) for maximum chance.
- Medical treatment
- Ovulation induction in
women with ovulatory disorders: e.g., clomiphene citrate, letrozole,
gonadotropins.
- Hormonal therapy for
endocrine causes (e.g., hyperprolactinaemia, thyroid dysfunction).
- Treatment of male factors:
hormonal or medical therapy (if indicated).
- Surgical treatment
- For tubal blockage, uterine
anomalies, endometriosis in women: laparoscopy or hysteroscopy to restore
anatomy.
- For male factor: e.g.,
varicocele repair, surgery to relieve obstruction.
- Assisted Reproductive
Technologies (ART)
- Intrauterine insemination
(IUI) for mild male factor or unexplained infertility.
- In vitro fertilisation
(IVF) / intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe male/female
factor, tubal factor, or when other treatments fail.
- Supportive & nursing
care
- Emotional and psychological
support for the couple – infertility causes stress, stigma, marital
strain.
- Education of the couple
about the process, realistic expectations, financial implications,
multiple births risk in ART.
- Monitoring for
complications of treatment: e.g., ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
in ovulation induction.
- Prevention & public
health measures
- Prevent pelvic infections
(STIs), safe abortion practices, prompt treatment of postpartum sepsis.
- Awareness about delaying
conception with age and lifestyle factors affecting fertility.
Summary
flow for management:
- Identify cause → correct
modifiable factors → treat specific cause (medical/surgical) → proceed to
ART if needed.
- Age and duration of
infertility are major prognostic factors; earlier evaluation and treatment
improve outcomes.
a. Define prolonged labour [3 marks]
Prolonged
labour, also called “failure to progress”, is when labour lasts significantly
longer than normal, either in the first stage (dilatation) or the second stage
(expulsion) and shows slow or no progress in cervical dilatation or descent of
the presenting part.
In practical terms: for a first-time mother, labour lasting about 20-25 hours
or more may be considered prolonged; for a mother who has given birth before,
labour lasting about 14-20 hours or more may count as prolonged.
b. Write down the causes and
complications of prolonged labour [5 marks]
Causes:
- Inadequate uterine
contractions (weak, infrequent or uncoordinated contractions) – dynamic
dystocia.
- Mechanical obstruction
(e.g., large fetus, small maternal pelvis, cephalopelvic disproportion,
malpresentation or malposition of the fetus) – passenger/passage/power
issue.
- Malpresentation or
malposition of the fetus (for example occiput posterior) or multiple
pregnancy.
- Maternal factors such as a
deformed pelvis, high BMI, pelvic abnormalities, short stature, or
maternal exhaustion/fatigue, fear/anxiety.
- Prolonged latent phase or
slow cervical dilatation; also factors such as bladder distension or big
baby.
Complications:
- For the mother:
- Maternal exhaustion,
dehydration, infection (chorioamnionitis, puerperal sepsis).
- Post-partum haemorrhage
(due to uterine inertia following prolonged stress).
- Uterine rupture (in extreme
cases), pelvic floor damage, increased risk of operative delivery
(forceps, vacuum, C-section).
- For the baby:
- Fetal distress, hypoxia
(lack of oxygen), meconium stained amniotic fluid, increased risk of
neonatal infection.
c. Write the nursing management of a
patient with prolonged labour [7 marks]
Here is a
point-wise nursing management plan:
- Assessment & monitoring:
- Regular monitoring of
maternal vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, temperature) and fetal heart
rate (FHR) to detect fetal distress.
- Monitor uterine contraction
pattern (frequency, duration, intensity) and progress of labour (cervical
dilatation, effacement, descent of presenting part). Use
partograph/partogram.
- Assess bladder status (full
bladder may impede descent) and ensure the bladder is emptied regularly.
- Monitor maternal hydration,
fluid balance, signs of infection (e.g., raised temperature, foul
discharge) and exhaustion.
- Support and relieve maternal
fatigue and promote comfort:
- Encourage rest-periods or
change of positions (walking, upright posture, side-lying) to facilitate
labour progress and descent of fetus.
- Provide emotional support:
reduce anxiety/fear by giving information, reassurance, presence of a
companion, enable maternal coping.
- Ensure pain relief measures
as appropriate (analgesia/anaesthesia) and comfort measures (warm bath,
massage) if indicated and allowed.
- Promote efficient uterine
activity and descent:
- Encourage effective
maternal effort during second stage (if applicable) — coaching in
pushing, correct positioning.
- Assist with membrane
rupture (amniotomy) if indicated and per physician order to augment
labour.
- Assist in administration of
uterotonic drugs (such as oxytocin) under supervision to
augment/accelerate contractions when indicated.
- Prevent complications:
- Maintain strict asepsis to
prevent infection (especially if membranes ruptured long time).
- Keep mother well hydrated,
monitor intake/output, maintain electrolyte balance.
- Prepare for operative
intervention: ensure IV access, cross‐matched blood if risk of hemorrhage,
keep equipment ready for forceps/vacuum or C-section.
- Monitor for signs of
operative fatigue, uterine rupture, fetal distress and alert
physician/neonate team promptly.
- Documentation and
communication:
- Document all observations,
progress of labour (including partograph), interventions done,
maternal/fetal responses.
- Communicate with obstetric
team timely if labour is not progressing (call for review).
- Health education and
preparation for possible outcomes:
- Educate mother and
companion regarding labour process, possible need for instrumental
delivery or Caesarean section.
- Prepare for post-delivery
care: emphasise postpartum monitoring for haemorrhage, infection; counsel
about neonatal care especially if baby had distress.
- Post-delivery nursing care
(anticipatory):
- After delivery, monitor for
postpartum haemorrhage (because prolonged labour increases risk) and
uterine atony.
- Monitor newborn for signs
of birth asphyxia, infection, jaundice; provide supportive newborn care
and refer as needed.
- Support mother in rest,
pain relief, hydration, nutrition and encourage early breastfeeding
(unless contraindicated).
II. Solve Answer Questions
OR
Answer:
a. What is abortion? [2]
An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable
(i.e., before it can survive outside the uterus).
In common nursing/obstetric usage, “abortion” may refer to spontaneous abortion
(miscarriage) — loss of pregnancy < 20 weeks — or induced abortion.
b. Causes, signs & symptoms of abortion.
[7]
Causes:
1. Chromosomal
abnormalities of the embryo/fetus.
2. Maternal
health conditions: thyroid disorders, diabetes, autoimmune diseases.
3. Uterine
abnormalities: fibroids, malformations, incompetent cervix.
4. Infections
of the uterus/pelvis, trauma, toxins, heavy physical work.
5. Lifestyle
and other factors: smoking, alcohol, advanced maternal age.
Signs & symptoms:
1. Vaginal
bleeding or spotting (brownish or reddish).
2. Lower
abdominal/pelvic pain or cramping.
3. Passage
of tissue or products of conception (in incomplete abortion).
4. Uterine
contractions, cervical dilatation (in inevitable/incomplete types).
c. Describe the nursing management of abortion.
[6]
Here’s a nursing management plan for a patient with abortion (spontaneous or
impending):
1. Assessment
& monitoring:
o
Monitor vital signs (pulse, blood pressure,
temperature) and maternal condition (shock signs, bleeding amount).
o
Assess bleeding: colour, amount (pads soaked),
passage of tissue, clots.
o
Monitor pain and cramping; assess uterine size
and contractions.
o
Evaluate the cervix (dilation, effacement) and
signs of infection (foul discharge, fever).
2. Ensure
safety & prevent complications:
o
Maintain bed rest if ordered; restrict heavy
work and avoid strain.
o
Ensure intravenous access if heavy bleeding;
prepare for possible D&C (dilatation & curettage) if incomplete
abortion.
o
Maintain aseptic techniques; prevent infection
especially if membranes ruptured or tissue retained.
o
Monitor for signs of hypovolemic shock
(tachycardia, hypotension, dizziness) and intervene quickly.
3. Supportive
care & emotional support:
o
Provide emotional support: abortion may cause
grief, guilt, anxiety. Encourage expression of feelings, allow companion/spouse
involvement.
o
Educate the patient and family about what is
happening, what to expect, follow-up care.
o
Encourage adequate hydration, nutrition, rest to
help recovery.
4. Post-procedure
/ follow-up care:
o
After evacuation (if done), monitor uterine
involution, bleeding (should gradually reduce), vital signs, and signs of
infection.
o
Instruct regarding observation of vaginal
bleeding: when to report heavy bleeding (soaking > 1 pad/hour for 2 hours),
fever, foul smell.
o
Provide contraception counselling (if induced
abortion) or discuss future pregnancy planning once patient is physically and
emotionally ready.
5. Documentation
& communication:
o
Document time and amount of bleeding, passage of
tissue, vital signs, interventions, emotional state.
o
Report to obstetrician immediately if bleeding
increases, signs of shock, infection.
6. Patient
education & preventive advice:
o
Counsel on avoiding heavy lifting, sexual
intercourse until advised.
o
Educate about warning signs: increased bleeding,
severe pain, fever, foul discharge.
o
If applicable, advise on lifestyle changes for
future pregnancies: cessation of smoking, control of chronic conditions, early
antenatal care.
OR
a. What is ectopic pregnancy? [3]
An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the fertilised egg implants and
grows outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in a fallopian tube.
Because the fallopian tube (or other extra-uterine site) cannot support normal
growth of the embryo and the expanding gestation can cause tubal rupture and
internal bleeding, it is a medical emergency.
b. Write the sites and clinical features of
ectopic pregnancy. [5]
Sites:
1. Fallopian
tube (ampulla ~70% of tubal ectopics) — the most common site.
2. Isthmus
of the tube, fimbrial end.
3. Ovary.
4. Cervix
(cervical ectopic).
5. Abdominal
cavity/peritoneal cavity or interstitial (cornual) region.
Clinical features:
·
Missed period (amenorrhea) followed by vaginal
bleeding and pelvic/abdominal pain (often unilateral).
·
Lower abdominal or pelvic pain, possibly
referred shoulder pain if rupture and diaphragmatic irritation.
·
Vaginal bleeding (light to heavy) and signs of
internal bleeding: dizziness, fainting, hypotension, tachycardia if rupture.
·
On exam: tenderness, adnexal mass, uterine size
smaller than expected for dates.
·
If rupture: sudden severe pain, shock symptoms.
c. Describe the nursing management of ectopic
pregnancy. [7]
Here’s a nursing management plan for a patient with ectopic pregnancy:
1. Assessment
& monitoring:
o
Monitor vital signs frequently (pulse, BP, RR,
temperature) and assess for signs of hypovolemia/shock (tachycardia,
hypotension, pallor, cold extremities).
o
Monitor vaginal bleeding (amount, colour),
abdominal pain (location, intensity, sudden changes) and shoulder pain
(suggestive of intra-peritoneal bleed).
o
Monitor uterine size, adnexal mass presence, and
assess for abdominal distension or signs of haemoperitoneum.
o
Ensure continuous fetal monitoring if applicable
(rarely viable) and serial β-hCG levels as per physician orders.
2. Prepare
for emergency interventions:
o
Ensure IV access, maintain fluid resuscitation
(as per orders) to maintain perfusion.
o
Cross-match blood, prepare for possible surgical
intervention (laparoscopy/laparotomy) if rupture or major bleeding.
o
Monitor and record intake/output, maintain
strict bed rest until stabilised.
3. Pre-operative
care (if surgery needed):
o
Explain procedure
(laparoscopy/salpingectomy/salpingostomy) to patient and family, obtain informed
consent, reduce anxiety.
o
Ensure NPO status if surgery imminent, provide
pre-operative medications as ordered (antibiotics, analgesics).
o
Emotional support: reassure patient and family,
explain risks and prognosis + future fertility implications.
o
Maintain asepsis and prepare for
instrument/monitoring setup.
4. Medical
management support (if methotrexate or expectant management chosen):
o
Educate patient about methotrexate (if used):
side effects, need to avoid folic acid supplements, alcohol, strict follow-up
of hCG levels.
o
Monitor lab results (β-hCG, CBC, liver/renal),
and side-effects (stomatitis, GI upset).
o
Provide instruction on what to watch for
(increased pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness) and when to contact provider.
5. Post-operative/post‐treatment
care:
o
Post-surgery: monitor bleeding, vital signs,
abdominal signs (distension, tenderness), wound/incision site for signs of
infection.
o
Pain management: assess pain, provide analgesics
as ordered and non-pharmacologic comfort measures.
o
Monitor for complications: infection,
thromboembolism (immobilisation), adhesions affecting future fertility.
6. Emotional
and educational support:
o
Provide psychological support: the patient may
experience grief, anxiety about fertility, guilt or fear for future
pregnancies. Encourage discussion, refer for counselling if needed.
o
Educate about future pregnancy risk (increased
risk of another ectopic), contraception and timing of next pregnancy, early
prenatal care.
o
Provide instructions on rest, avoid heavy
lifting, and when to resume sexual activity.
7. Documentation
& communication:
o
Document all observations: vital signs, bleeding,
pain scores, labs, interventions, patient teaching and emotional status.
o
Communicate with obstetric/gynecologic team for
timely decisions, involve family in discharge planning.
o
Coordinate follow-up appointments: serial hCG
monitoring if medical management; wound check and fertility counselling if
surgical; ensure patient understands signs to return to hospital.
III. Write short notes on any three of the following.
Answer :
a. Genetic counselling
Genetic counselling is the communication process through which individuals
or families who are at risk of, or concerned about, a genetic disorder are
helped to understand the nature of the disorder, its pattern of inheritance, the
chance of occurrence or recurrence, and the options available in management and
family planning. It involves taking a detailed family and medical history,
possibly constructing a pedigree chart, assessing risks, providing information
about tests and preventive measures, and offering psychosocial support. The aim
is to enable informed decision-making, reduce anxiety, and assist adaptation to
the implications of genetic conditions.
b. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment used chiefly in
women undergoing menopause (or early loss of ovarian hormone function) to
replace the hormones (primarily oestrogen, and often progesterone) that the
ovaries stop producing. Its purpose is to relieve menopausal symptoms such as
hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, and to help prevent
osteoporosis and other consequences of oestrogen deficiency. However, HRT
carries potential risks (e.g., endometrial cancer if oestrogen alone in a woman
with a uterus, blood clots, stroke) so benefits vs risks are assessed.
c. Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH)
Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) refers to excessive bleeding following
childbirth. It is typically defined as blood loss of > 500 mL after vaginal
birth (or > 1000 mL after caesarean), or any amount of bleeding that causes
signs of hypovolemia, within 24 hours of delivery (primary PPH). Secondary PPH
may occur from 24 hours up to 12 weeks postpartum. The major causes are
summarised by the “4 T’s”: Tone (uterine atony), Trauma
(lacerations, uterine inversion), Tissue (retained placental
fragments) and Thrombin (coagulation disorders). Prompt
recognition and management are critical, since PPH remains a major contributor
to maternal morbidity and mortality.
d. Preconception care
Preconception care (also called pre-conceptual care) is the set of
biomedical, behavioural and social health interventions provided to women (and
their partners) before conception occurs, with the aim of improving health
outcomes for the mother, fetus and child. It includes screening and optimising
chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), ensuring adequate nutrition
(e.g., folic acid supplementation), updating vaccinations, counselling on
lifestyle behaviours (avoiding smoking, alcohol, environmental toxins),
assessing genetic risks, and planning for healthy conception. The rationale is
that many risks to maternal and child health can be mitigated if addressed before
pregnancy onset.
e. Antenatal exercises
Antenatal exercises refer to a programme of gentle, safe physical activities
recommended for pregnant women to improve physical and psychological
well-being, prepare for labour, and reduce pregnancy-related pathologies. These
may include low‐impact aerobic exercises, stretching, pelvic floor exercises,
and postural changes to support circulation, strengthen muscles, reduce back
pain, promote optimal foetal positioning, and ease labour. The exercises are
typically adapted across trimesters, and safe practice requires guidance
regarding contraindications and modifications per maternal/fetal condition.
IV. A. Write the responsibilities and role of a nurse in the following situations.
Answer :
a. Post-operative care of episiotomy
- Monitor the perineal wound:
check the episiotomy site for redness, swelling, discharge, bleeding or
signs of infection.
- Manage pain and discomfort:
apply ice-packs (first 24 h), warm sitz-baths afterwards, teach
positioning to relieve tension.
- Maintain hygiene: assist the
patient with perineal hygiene, instruct wiping front to back, encourage
gentle cleansing after voiding/defecation, and ensure pads are changed at
regular intervals.
- Support mobility and
comfort: encourage gentle movement/ambulation as allowed, help with
comfortable positions (side-lying, using cushion) to reduce pressure on
the wound.
- Educate the patient: teach
self-care at home (warm water spray, drying area, avoiding strenuous
activity/heavy lifting, when to seek help).
- Document observations: wound
condition, pain level, voiding/defecation, any complications; and report
to the physician if signs of infection/heavy bleeding appear.
b. Counselling about family planning
- Assess the client’s and
partner’s reproductive goals, history of pregnancies/contraception, health
status, and any contraindications.
- Provide information and
counselling: explain different methods of contraception (barrier,
hormonal, intrauterine, sterilisation), their benefits, side-effects,
suitability, and protection against STIs.
- Assist in decision-making:
use an interactive counselling model (e.g., GATHER – Greet, Ask, Tell,
Help, Explain, Return) to support informed choice.
- Provide method initiation
and follow-up: help with method provision (where appropriate), schedule
follow-up visits to monitor use, handle side-effects and method
satisfaction.
- Promote birth-spacing and
correct use: emphasise benefits of spacing pregnancies (e.g., at least 24
months) for mother/child health.
- Maintain confidentiality and
non-judgemental attitude: ensure client dignity, respect choices and
cultural beliefs without coercion.
- Record-keeping and referral:
Document counselling, method chosen, follow-up plan; refer the client as
needed for specialised services.
c. Counselling about menstrual hygiene
- Assess knowledge and
practices: ask the woman about her menstrual cycle, hygiene practices,
materials used (pads/clothes), frequency of change, sanitary disposal, any
discomfort or infection symptoms.
- Educate about menstrual
hygiene: explain the importance of using clean absorbent materials,
changing every 4-6 hours (or more often in heavy flow), washing hands
before and after changing pads, cleaning external genitalia gently,
avoiding use of dirty cloths/unsanitary methods.
- Teach correct disposal:
instruct on safe disposal of used pads/tampons, avoiding reuse of unwashed
cloths, keeping hygiene in mind.
- Advice on comfort and
health: encourage wearing comfortable and breathable underwear, avoiding
scented products/irritants, managing cramps with rest, heat application,
analgesics (as permitted).
- Alert to complications:
teach signs of infection (foul discharge, itching, pain, fever) and when
to seek help; emphasise that poor menstrual hygiene can lead to
reproductive tract infections.
- Promote culturally appropriate
and affordable options: discuss locally available sanitary products
(commercial pads, reusable cloths with proper cleaning), ensure hygienic
environment and privacy.
- Empower and destigmatise:
encourage open discussion about menstruation, address myths/taboos,
promote menstrual hygiene as part of overall reproductive health.
d. Patient with pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID)
- Assessment and monitoring:
check vital signs (especially temperature), pelvic/abdominal pain levels,
vaginal discharge, signs of complications (abscess, peritonitis).
- Administer and monitor
treatment: ensure prescribed antibiotics are given on time, monitor
response and side effects; encourage completion of the full course.
- Pain relief and comfort
measures: provide analgesics as ordered; teach non-pharmacologic relief
(e.g., warm compress, positioning).
- Educate and counsel:
instruct the patient on safe sexual practices, abstinence during
treatment, partner treatment (to avoid reinfection), complete follow-up.
- Promote rest, hydration and
nutrition: encourage bed-rest or reduced activity during acute phase,
adequate fluid intake, high-protein diet to support recovery.
- Prevent complications:
monitor for signs of infertility risk, ectopic pregnancy risk; educate
about future reproductive health implications.
- Documentation and
coordination: record discharge, pain, treatment adherence; coordinate with
physician for follow-up investigations, partner screening.
e. Immunisation
- Safe vaccine administration:
ensure correct vaccine, dose, route, site selection; maintain aseptic
technique and handle sharps safely.
- Cold-chain and storage
maintenance: ensure vaccines are stored at appropriate temperatures,
monitor expiry dates, maintain documentation of batch numbers.
- Client education: inform
clients and caregivers about purpose of each vaccine, schedule, possible
side effects, signs of adverse reaction and how to respond; promote
understanding of herd immunity.
- Monitoring and managing
adverse events: observe client for immediate reactions (15-30 mins after
shot), know emergency protocols for anaphylaxis; document any adverse
event.
- Record-keeping and coverage
tracking: maintain immunisation registers, update child/adult immunisation
cards, follow-up for missed doses, plan outreach if necessary.
- Advocacy and public-health
promotion: conduct community awareness sessions to increase vaccination
uptake, counter myths and misinformation; liaise with health teams for
immunisation campaigns.
- Professional responsibility:
maintain own vaccination status, stay updated with current guidelines and
vaccine schedules, engage in continuing education.
B. Fill in the blanks.
Answer :
i. The common type of pelvis
considered to be normal is gynecoid pelvis.
ii. Chorion is the outer foetal membrane.
iii. Usually process of labour starts about 280 days after the first
day of LMP.
iv. Initial assessment of a neonate is done by Apgar score.
v. Vaginal discharges during puerperal period is known as lochia.
vi. Quickening can be felt at 18–20 weeks (in primigravida) / 16–18
weeks (in multigravida).
vii. Hegar’s sign can be elicited by 6–10 weeks of pregnancy.
viii. Shortest diameter of foetal skull is bitemporal diameter (8 cm).
ix. The heart rate of newborn baby is around 120–160 beats per minute.
x. Bluish colouration sign of vaginal mucosa is Chadwick’s sign
(also called Jacquemier’s sign).
V. A. Write the full forms of the following abbreviations.
Answer :
a. DUB – Dysfunctional Uterine
Bleeding
b. ARM – Artificial Rupture of Membranes
c. FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone
d. MSAFP – Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein
e. IMNCI – Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness
VI. B. Write True/False.
Answers:
i. False
ii. False
iii. True
iv. True
v. False
